Barron's Medical Journal: April 2013

Monday, April 22, 2013

President Obama: What If Chemotherapy Dose Not Work For Breast Cancer

Barron’s Medical Journal Reporting From The Bio International Convention In Chicago, IL USA

President Obama: What If Chemotherapy Dose Not Work For Breast Cancer

Barron's Medical Journal Chicago, IL USA ( AP ) Resistance of breast cancer cells to the available chemotherapeutics is a major obstacle to successful treatment. With Black Women getting Breast Cancer at rate of 18%, White Women at a rate Of 7%, Barron’s Medical Journal is on a quest at the Bio Convention to see what is solution to chemotherapy not working for breast cancer patients. We discovered that genomic science is the solution. After attending Marches for breast cancer that Avon and others sponsored. 94 % of the Walkers, Voluntaries and Staffers of the above organization did not know the term genomics Barron’s Medical Journal is now on a mission to educating folks on the power of genomics. Genomics is the first step in reducing the breast cancer rates is the United States and other countries.

Researchers say Genomics, Metabolomics and Proteomic data is key to finding a alternative to Chemotherapy and a Breast Cancer Cure

. Genomics: – is the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genes.

Metabolomics: is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind".

Proteomic: is the study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genes.

DNA and Genomics is key to analyze breast-cancer tissue, tumors with distinct patterns of gene expression classified as “basal type” and “luminal type. Breast cancer patients outcome of advanced breast cancer. Genomics analysis has been used to distinguish cancers associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations8,9 and to determine estrogen-receptor status and lymph-node status. The role of iron oxide nanoparticles, static magnetic field, or a combination in the enhancement of the apoptotic potential of doxorubicin against the resistant breast cancer cells

Luminal subtypes. Luminal subtypes had the lowest overall mutation rate, but by contrast, had the largest number of genes observed to be significantly mutated. This suggests that each of the genes identified as significantly mutated in the Luminal subtypes is more likely to be important in fueling cancer progression. The Luminal subtypes are characterized by the specific expression signature of multiple so-called transcription-factor genes, including ESR1, GATA3, FOXA1, XBP1 and cMYB. These genes have a complex interaction, cooperating in an orchestrated series of activations. GATA3 and FOXA1 are frequently mutated, but those mutations are mutually exclusive, meaning that mutations were observed in eitherGATA3 or FOXA1 but never in both. However, ERS1 and XBP1 are highly expressed but infrequently mutat. With Genomics we can separate breast cancer genes and break in to categories the different types of breast cancers. 1 Hormone receptor-positive disease, or tumors that have receptors for hormones on the surface of their cells, meaning those tumors can be treated with hormone-targeted therapy. 1 HER2-positive, referring to the over-expression of the gene HER2, a type of protein that can also be targeted. 1 "Triple-negative" disease, which lacks the hormone receptors - estrogen and progesterone - as well as the HER2 genes that are targeted by some of the newest, most successful treatments. Sam Houston discovered that some patients with HER2-positive breast cancer tended not respond to HER2-targeted therapies. Also, some patients with triple-negative breast cancers responded to therapies while others didn't. "We have been lumping things together that shouldn't be lumped together.

The new classifications - four types called HER2 "enriched," luminal A, luminal B and basal-like - categorize breast cancers by their genomic structure using a dizzying array of data points not previously available that have identified new pathways for the cancer to do its damage, making it possible for researchers to identify new places to target disease.

In what could be seen as the most promising development of this breast cancer study, researchers determined that some basal-like cancers had more in common with an aggressive form of ovarian cancer known as "serous" than with other types of breast cancer. Two other types of breast cancer, accounting for most cases of the disease, arise from the luminal cells that line milk ducts. These cancers have proteins on their surfaces that grab estrogen, fueling their growth. Just about everyone with estrogen-fueled cancer gets the same treatment. Some do well. Others do not. The genetic analysis divided luminal cancers into two distinct subtypes. The luminal A subtype had good prognoses while luminal B did not, suggesting that perhaps patients with luminal A tumors might do well with just hormonal therapy to block estrogen from spurring their cancers while luminal B patients might do better with chemotherapy in addition to hormonal therapy. In some cases, genetic aberrations were so strongly associated with one or the other luminal subtype that they appeared to be the actual cause of the cancer. The better News is that Genomics is on the Clock. Genomics provide a faster cheaper more effective way to detect the Her2 gene by using Semiconductor Sequencing. A example of this technique is Hybrid Pharma Sam Houston Semiconductor Sequencing. "Quantum Theory" In Action for Breast Cancer Patients.

A polymerase is an enzyme whose central function is associated with polymers of nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA. The primary function of a polymerase is the polymerization of new DNA or RNA against an existing DNA or RNA template in the processes of replication and transcription. In association with a Hybrid Pharma Sam Houston also uses a Visualize Real-Time Breast Cancer Data using Signal Stochastic Resonance Units Neurons Detection and Analysis for Breast Cancer model after McCulloch-Pitts.Hybrid Pharma computer-assisted diagnosing of breast cancer from mammograms. Hybrid Pharma works is a genetic network simulation trained with tumor incidence data from knockout experiments. Sam Houston Biotech uses Semiconductor Sequencing Chips that create a direct connection between Biochemical and digital information, bringing these two languages together. Hybrid's chips are designed like any other semiconductor chips. Pairing proprietary semiconductor technology with sequencing chemistry a nucleotide is incorporated into a strand of DNA by a polymerase, a hydrogen ion is released. Sam Houston Biotech used a high-density array of micro-machined wells for bioctechnology process in a massive way.

Each well holds a different DNA template. Beneath the wells is an ion-sensitive layer and beneath that a proprietary Ion sensor. HER2 in many patients respond differently. Genomics can be the GPS to Extend life in Breast Cancer Patients. formalin fixed, paraffin embedded techniques and Her-2 Approximately Where do you really come from? And how can this information Solve Breast Cancer? Approximately 30% of malignant breast cancers demonstrate over amplification of the human epidermal receptor type 2 (HER2) gene. HER-2 can be resistant to low-doses of anthracycline-based Hybrid Pharma have demonstrated that they can be used to map DNase (deoxyribonuclease) DNA origins of replication. Hybrid Pharma Recent progress in microarray technology has been related to the development of high resolution microarrays which can map genomic alterations and constitutional variants in DNA copy number at an extremely high resolution for Breast Cancer chemotherapy. formalin fixed, paraffin embedded techniques and Her-2The Good News is that science has advanced. Sections of microarray provide targets for parallel in situ detection of DNA, RNA and protein targets in each specimen on the array.

The better News is that Genomics is on the Clock. Genomics provide a faster cheaper more effective way to detect the Her2 gene by using Semiconductor Sequencing. A example of this technique is Hybrid Pharma Semiconductor Sequencing. "Quantum Theory" In Action for Breast Cancer Patients. A polymerase is an enzyme whose central function is associated with polymers of nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA. The primary function of a polymerase is the polymerization of new DNA or RNA against an existing DNA RNA template in the processes of replication and transcription.

In association with a Hybrid Pharma also uses a Visualize Real-Time Breast Cancer Data using Signal Stochastic Resonance Units Neurons Detection and Analysis for Breast Cancer model after McCulloch-Pitts. Hybrid Pharma computer-assisted diagnosing of breast cancer from mammograms. Hybrid Pharma Sam Houston works is a genetic network simulation trained with tumor incidence data from knockout experiments. Sam Houston Biotech uses Semiconductor Sequencing Chips that create a direct connection between Biochemical and digital information, bringing these two languages together. Hybrid's chips are designed like any other semiconductor chips. Pairing proprietary semiconductor technology with sequencing chemistry a nucleotide is incorporated into a strand of DNA by a polymerase, a hydrogen ion is released. Sam Houston Biotech used a high-density array of micro-machined wells for bioctechnology process in a massive way. Each well holds a different DNA template. Beneath the wells is an ion-sensitive layer and beneath that a proprietary Ion sensor. HER2 in many patients response differently.

Genomics is the GPS to Extend life in Breast Cancer Patients

Thursday, April 18, 2013

Avon Breast Cancer Walkers: A Scientist Was Jailed For Faking Cancer Research Results

Barron's Medical Journal Reporting From London England Bond Street Where exclusive brands, designer fashion, luxury goods, fine jewels, art and antiques. London England, UK

Avon Breast Cancer Walkers: A Scientist Was Jailed For Faking Cancer Research Results

London England, UK ( AP ) Barron's Medical Journal Reports the first scientist to be sent to jail for faking the results of scientific research is a person by the name Steven Eaton From Europe.Steven Eaton faked research data for experimental anti-cancer drugs has become the first person in Britain to be jailed under tough safety laws. Steven Eaton, 47, was jailed for three months at Edinburgh Sheriff Court for falsifying test results.

The court had earlier heard how Eaton was working at the Edinburgh branch of the American pharmaceutical firm Aptuit in 2009 when he came up with the scam. He was hoping to generate funding to allow the experimental drug he was working on to be tested on human patients, so he concocted information.

Barron's Medical Journal wanted to ensure the folks in the United States, that we have one of the best if not the best in the world drug approval processes. This responsibility falls under the directions of the Food And Drug Administration ( FDA). Let's start by out lining the process in which a Company has to follow to get a drug from concept to bedside medicine.

Preclinical (animal) testing.

1.An investigation new drug application (IND) outlines what the sponsor of a new drug proposes for human testing in clinical trials.

2.Phase 1 studies (typically involve 20 to 80 people).

3.Phase 2 studies (typically involve a few dozen to about 300 people).

4.Phase 3 studies (typically involve several hundred to about 3,000 people).

5.The pre-NDA period, just before a new drug application (NDA) is submitted. A common time for the FDA and drug sponsors to meet.

6.Submission of an NDA is the formal step asking the FDA to consider a drug for marketing approval.

7.After an NDA is received, the FDA has 60 days to decide whether to file it so it can be reviewed.

8.If the FDA files the NDA, an FDA review team is assigned to evaluate the sponsor's research on the drug's safety and effectiveness.

9.The FDA reviews information that goes on a drug's professional labeling (information on how to use the drug).

10.The FDA inspects the facilities where the drug will be manufactured as part of the approval process.

11.FDA reviewers will approve the application or issue a complete response letter.

Though FDA reviewers are involved with a drug's development throughout the IND stage, the official review time is the length of time it takes to review a new drug application and issue an action letter, an official statement informing a drug sponsor of the agency's decision Traditional approval requires that clinical benefit be shown before approval can be granted.

Accelerated approval is given to some new drugs for serious and life-threatening illnesses that lack satisfactory treatments. This allows an NDA to be approved before measures of effectiveness that would usually be required for approval are available.If the FDA decides that the benefits of a drug outweigh the known risks, the drug will receive approval and can be marketed in the United States. But if there are problems with an NDA or if more information is necessary to make that determination, the FDA may issue a complete response letter

The FDA Approval Process in detail:

Clinical Trials--Drug studies in humans can begin only after an IND is reviewed by the FDA and a local institutional review board (IRB). The board is a panel of scientists and non-scientists in hospitals and research institutions that oversees clinical research.

IRBs approve the clinical trial protocols, which describe the type of people who may participate in the clinical trial, the schedule of tests and procedures, the medications and dosages to be studied, the length of the study, the study's objectives, and other details. IRBs make sure the study is acceptable, that participants have given consent and are fully informed of their risks, and that researchers take appropriate steps to protect patients from harm.

Phase 1 studies are usually conducted in healthy volunteers. The goal here is to determine what the drug's most frequent side effects are and, often, how the drug is metabolized and excreted. The number of subjects typically ranges from 20 to 80.

Phase 2 studies begin if Phase 1 studies don't reveal unacceptable toxicity. While the emphasis in Phase 1 is on safety, the emphasis in Phase 2 is on effectiveness. This phase aims to obtain preliminary data on whether the drug works in people who have a certain disease or condition. For controlled trials, patients receiving the drug are compared with similar patients receiving a different treatment--usually an inactive substance (placebo), or a different drug. Safety continues to be evaluated, and short-term side effects are studied. Typically, the number of subjects in Phase 2 studies ranges from a few dozen to about 300.

At the end of Phase 2, the FDA and sponsors try to come to an agreement on how large-scale studies in Phase 3 should be done. How often the FDA meets with a sponsor varies, but this is one of two most common meeting points prior to submission of a new drug application. The other most common time is pre-NDA--right before a new drug application is submitted.

Phase 3 studies begin if evidence of effectiveness is shown in Phase 2. These studies gather more information about safety and effectiveness, studying different populations and different dosages and using the drug in combination with other drugs. The number of subjects usually ranges from several hundred to about 3,000 people.

Post market requirement and commitment studies are required of or agreed to by a sponsor, and are conducted after the FDA has approved a product for marketing. The FDA uses post market requirement and commitment studies to gather additional information about a product's safety, efficacy, or optimal use.

New Drug Application (NDA)--This is the formal step a drug sponsor takes to ask that the FDA consider approving a new drug for marketing in the United States. An NDA includes all animal and human data and analyses of the data, as well as information about how the drug behaves in the body and how it is manufactured. When an NDA comes in, the FDA has 60 days to decide whether to file it so that it can be reviewed. The FDA can refuse to file an application that is incomplete. For example, some required studies may be missing. In accordance with the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) expects to review and act on at least 90 percent of NDAs for standard drugs no later than 10 months after the applications are received. The review goal is six months for priority drugs. (See "The Role of User Fees.")

"It's the clinical trials that take so long--usually several years. The emphasis on speed for FDA mostly relates to review time and timelines of being able to meet with sponsors during a drug's development," she says.

More Information on Eaton.

Eaton had been selectively reporting research data since 2003

A scientist who faked research data for experimental anti-cancer drugs has been jailed for three months for falsifying test results. Eaton, 47, was working at the Edinburgh branch of US pharmaceutical firm Aptuit in 2009 when he came up with the scam.

If it had been successful, cancer patients who took the drug could have been harmed, the court was told.Edinburgh Sheriff Court heard how Eaton had manipulated the results of an experiment so it was deemed successful when it had actually failed.

Stopped work, When bosses at his firm scrutinized his work, they noticed that it was fraudulent. They stopped work on the project that Eaton was involved in, and reported him to watchdogs at the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency.Investigators there discovered that Eaton had been selectively reporting research data since 2003.

Jim Stephenson Defence solicitor Defence solicitor advocate Jim Stephenson said his client had given up working as a scientist.

He said: "He is unlikely to ever undertake this type of work ever again."

The story emerged after Eaton was convicted under legislation called the 1999 Good Laboratory Practice Regulations.

Sheriff Michael O'Grady said: "I feel that my sentencing powers in this are wholly inadequate. You failed to test the drugs properly - you could have caused cancer patients unquestionable harm.

"Why someone who is as highly educated and as experienced as you would embark on such a course of conduct is inexplicable."

Speaking after the case, Gerald Heddell, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency's director of inspection, enforcement and standards, said he welcomed the conviction.

He added: "This conviction sends a message that we will not hesitate to prosecute those whose actions have the potential to harm public health."

The Drug Approval Process In Europe many think can use a re engineering of their process. The Process works. There are different systems within the EMA that pharmaceutical companies can use to license drugs.

The first is called the centralized, or community, system. Orphan drugs and any medicines for a number of conditions including Cancer, neuro degenerative conditions, diabetes, viral diseases, or auto immune and other immune conditions have to be licensed this way. The committee that reviews drugs for human use (the CHMP) assess the application, and then recommend whether a drug should have ‘marketing authorization’ (a licence) or not. This takes 210 days, and their opinion is passed to the European Commission who make the final decision. The marketing authorization is valid for all 27 EU countries as well as Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein.

The second way that pharmaceutical companies apply for a license is the decentralized system. They can use this system for medicines that don't fit into the categories within centralized system listed above. With the decentralized system, the company applies to several member states at the same time. One member state assesses the application (this is the MHRA in the UK). If they recommend that the drug be licensed, the other member states then either agree or object. If everyone agrees, the drug is given marketing approval. If someone objects, the CHMP will step in and decide. They then advise the European Commission whether to license the drug or not.

The third system is the mutual recognition system. This means that if a company has a medicine that is authorized in one EU member state, that member state can apply for the authorization to be recognized in other EU countries.

Once a drug has EU marketing authorization, it is ‘licensed’, ‘registered’ or ‘approved’. All these terms mean the same thing. Once the medicine has been authorized, the CHMP publish a European Public Assessment Report (EPAR) which gives the reasons for their decision and information for patients.

When a drug has marketing authorization, it is not available straight away. The company first have to apply to market their product in each individual country. In the UK, they will apply to the MHRA. When this last small step is done, the product is ‘launched’, and doctors can prescribe it. Having authorization means the company can market the drug in any EU country - but they don’t have to. For one reason or another, they may choose to market the drug in some countries but not others.

The FDA is one organization no one in the United States will published any false information in fact Barron's Medical Journal can say without any concerns is that The FDA is the most feared organization in Washington DC.

Friday, April 12, 2013

The Surpreme Court Has The Blue Print And Road Block To Unlock A Breast Cancer Cure

Barron's Medical Journal Reporting From The United States Congress Washington, DC USA Capitol Hill

The Surpreme Court Has The Blue Print And Road Block To Unlock A Breast Cancer Cure:

Washington, DC ( AP ) , April 12, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- A Breast Cancer Cure in our lifetime is in the hands of the United States Surpreme Court. It is going to take all of the scientist and Medical Communities to develop a cure. Having one company Myriad own the primary genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes to accomplish a cure is like saying Ford is the only company that can make automobiles. Barron’s Medical Journal says that it is as simple as the law of supply and demand the more companies that can develop a cure with our Mothers, Sisters, and Daughters genes, the faster a complete cure will be developed. To help you understand the issues here is some background on the matter.

Barron’s Medical Journal reports that the Surpreme Court remanded the case of The Association for Molecular Pathology, et al., v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., et al (Docket No. 11-725) to the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals. The question is should one company have all the rights to a gene that is the core of breast cancer ? Docket No. 11-725 is the Surpreme Court case that concerns the patents held on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are both closely associated with the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. The genes were isolated by Myriad Genetics and the University of Utah, and Myriad manufactures the only test currently available to identify the two genes. In July 2011, the appellate court ruled 2-to-1 in favor of Myriad, stating that the genes could be patented because they did not occur in isolation in nature. Brought To You By The Houston Black Real Estate Association

This reversed a decision made by a US District Court in New York in March 2010 that stated that Myriad could not patent the genes. The Surpreme Court made a decision regarding patents on molecular testing that prompted the nation’s highest judicial authority to ask the appellate court to reconsider its previous decision with regard to Myriad: The case of Mayo Collaborative Services, Mayo Medical Laboratories, et al., v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.

(Docket No. 10-1150) concerned a blood test used to identify thiopurine metabolites formed when the body breaks down thiopurine drugs taken by patients with gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal autoimmune diseases to determine whether a prescribing physician should raise or lower the drug dosage. Breast Cancer Patients Can Now Benefit From Every Scientist In The World Working On A Cure Sam Houston Our Science NoteBook is BRCA1 BRCA2 Compliant Sam Houston is clear to sale it's Science NoteBook to Breast Cancer Doctors. The Surpreme Court has ruled on Myriad Genetics Inc. case. The is patent protection, Patent protection is important for companies that are focusing on personalized medicine, including Sam Houston Biotech Myriad Genetics Inc. (MYGN) and Novartis AG. (NOVN) The field involves determining whether a patient is genetically susceptible to a particular disease or would be especially responsive to certain medicine. On 26 March, the US SurpremeCourt handed down a short summary disposition as the latest installment in a long-running case that questions whether human genes can be patented.

The Court simply vacated the 2011 decision by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC), which upheld Myriad Genetics Inc's (Myriad) patents relating to the BRCA genes, and sent the case back down to the CAFC for rehearing in light of a Surpreme Court case on patenting laws of nature, handed down just six days earlier (Mayo Collaborative Services v Prometheus Laboratories, 10-1150) (Mayo). The History of. Case 10-1150 In 2009, the Association for Molecular Pathology together with many others filed suit against Myriad, the US Patent Office, and others, seeking to overturn 15 claims in seven of Myriad’s patents. The patents at issue relate to both process claims (method for detecting increased risk of breast cancer) and composition-of-matter claims (the BRCA1 and BRCA2 isolated genes). In 2010, Judge Sweet in the US District Court (SDNY) held that both the genes and methods were not patentable. In relation to the genes, they were not ‘markedly different’ to naturally occurring genes.

Myriad’s argument that the technique of purifying the genes rendered the compounds patent-eligible was rejected. Judge Sweet noted the dual nature of genes as both compositions of matter and carriers of information. The fact that, even after the purification process, the information provided by the genes remained the same meant that they were patentable products of nature. As for the method claims, Judge Sweet relied on a ‘machine or transfer’ (MOT) test developed in an earlier CAFC decision (Bilski v Kappos) to conclude that the claims to the process of analysis or comparison in the technique were no more than ‘abstract mental processes’. However, the Surpreme Court later qualified the CAFC opinion, leaving this aspect of Judge Sweet’s opinion particularly vulnerable to appeal. Unsurprisingly Myriad appealed, and last year the CAFC overturned parts of the first instance decision, finding that because isolated DNA had been ‘cleaved’ (covalent bonds in its backbone chemically severed) it was rendered a different molecule, just a fraction of a native DNA molecule, and thus patentable. However, on the method claims the CAFC largely upheld the prior decision, invalidating all claims except one on the basis that they were merely abstract mental processes. The surviving method claim was directed to a method for screening potential cancer therapies. This claim included a transformative step, satisfying the MOT test. How much guidance the Mayo case can provide for the CAFC, given that it deals with process patenting, rather than compositions of matter.

In Mayo, the Surpreme Court found that a process for determining dosages for a person with auto-immune disease was patentable. The relationship between certain concentrations of metabolites in a patient’s blood and the likelihood of under or over-dosing were merely laws of nature. Accordingly, the claimed processes were unpatentable unless they contained steps that genuinely applied the laws of nature, rather than merely constituting an attempt to monopolies the natural correlation itself. The additional steps in the claims did not transform an patentable law of nature into a patent-eligible application. Myriad will now have to wait for the CAFC to consider and apply the ramifications of Mayo, and decide on the composition of matter issue – probably late 2012 or 2013. For this reason, some analysis’s are predicting the CAFC may well uphold Myriad’s composition claims. In any event, Myriad has a suite of other patents protecting its BRAC Analysis technique, which would likely deter others from its use, at least in the short term. So Myriad remains bullish on the issue, stating that it will ‘vigorously defend’ its claims because of their ‘great importance to the medical, pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other commercial industries’.

Life Science Companies are free to find A Cure for Breast Cancer using Genomics.

April 15, 2013: The United States Surpreme Court ....... "Punted To The End Of The Summer " .... What Happen: Myriad Genetics lawyer Gregory A. Castanias argued that justices could think about their invention like a baseball bat. "A baseball bat doesn't exist until it's isolated from a tree. But that's still the product of human invention to decide where to begin the bat and where to end the bat," he said. Chief Justice Roberts did not accept that argument ........ In Barron's Medical Journal Opinion .........Giving Myriad Genetics Time to accept that the fact That In the Metaphor ..." Is It Natural Or Organic " BRCA 1 & 2 are Natural And Can Not Be Patent ...... They will Phrase off a Piece of the process and make that portion Patentable.

Tuesday, April 9, 2013

Walking In the Avon Walk for Breast Cancer: Lets Take A Look At What Is Being Done For A Cure:

Barron's Medical Journal Reporting American Association for Cancer Research - AACR Washington, DC USA

Walking In the Avon Walk for Breast Cancer: Lets Take A Look At What Is Being Done For A Cure:

Washington, DC ( AP ) , April 9, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- This Years AACR Meeting Genomics was on Full Display … What use to be experimental science is now standard practice for over 90% of the companies and Universities this Year. Barron’s Medical Journal decided to profile Max Wicha, MD, of the University of Michigan and ZIOPHARM Oncology . A special thanks to Francis Collins and he Genome Project .Trastuzumab (Herceptin) therapy may be useful for the treatment of luminal breast cancer stem cells, preventing them from growing into macrometastases, according to preclinical results presented at the 2013 American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting, held April 6–10 in Washington, DC. Brought To You By The Houston Black Real Estate Association

Luminal breast cancers are defined classically by their expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and by their failure to overexpress the receptor tyrosine kinase HER2. In the clinic, however, the expression of HER2 is highly variable in luminal disease. Some patients with luminal breast cancer present as HER2-positive, while many others present as HER2-negative. Max Wicha, MD, of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, demonstrated in his presentation that in the original studies demonstrating the efficacy of trastuzumab, the first anti-HER2 therapy, a subsequent re-analysis of patient samples revealed a large number of false positives.)

Dr. Wicha’s lab was able to demonstrate how this benefit might be realized using cell culture. MCF7, one of the most commonly studied luminal breast cancer cell lines, is often used as a negative control for HER2 positivity, but in his experiments, expression of HER2 is actually heterogeneous, even in the same culture dish. Cells sorted for the cancer stem cell marker aldehyde dehydrogenase showed significant expression of HER2. “[HER2] is expressed selectively in the cancer stem cell population,” remarked Dr. Wicha. “[Cell growth assays] are just assaying the bulk population, not the stem cells.” If cancer stem cells in culture are tested for their ability to form spheres or express cancer stem cell markers, luminal cells demonstrate a clear need for HER2, since their growth could be suppressed by trastuzumab treatment. Of note, this cell sorting experiment could not be repeated in basal-like breast cancer cells, which are defined as expressing neither the hormone receptors nor HER2. This suggests that the reliance by cancer stem cells on HER2 is specific to luminal disease.

Luminal cancer stem cell regulation was revealed by a mouse experiment in which MCF7 cells were introduced into the bones to generate micrometastases. Dr. Wicha demonstrated that the metastatic environment presented a key driving force for the formation of cancer stem cells. In the bone, this was found to be RANK ligand, which stimulates the expression of HER2 in luminal cancer cells. If trastuzumab was given at the stage of micrometastasis, then the new lesions were unable to grow in mice; however, if he let the small metastases progress to macrometastasis, trastuzumab therapy no longer gave any benefit to the mice. “We think this explains why adjuvant [trastuzumab] treatments are so effective when HER2 is selectively expressed in the cancer stem cell.”

Finally, these results were corroborated using matched clinical samples. In collaboration with pathologists, HER2-positive and luminal breast cancer samples—which had been diagnosed HER2-negative—were collected. Importantly, the group was able to obtain matched primary tumor and metastatic samples. If samples were HER2-enriched in the primary tumor, the metastases were largely HER2-enriched as well. In the luminal samples, however, all primary samples showed no overexpression of HER2, whereas almost 90% of the bone metastases showed HER2 enrichment despite lack of gene amplification as assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. “What that is telling us is that HER2 is regulated in the microenvironment…tumor shrinkage and adjuvant therapies are two completely different models that depend on two different cell populations.” He noted the NSABP B-47 trial has recently begun to directly evaluate the benefit of trastuzumab in patients with a low expression of HER2 protein.

In all, Dr. Wicha’s presentation suggested that the paradigm by which we assess clinical efficacy—reduction of tumor burden—may not actually be translating into long-term survival, since the cancer stem cell population is not always targeted for cell death by the same agents that can induce death in the bulk tumor population. He is hopeful that efficacy will be demonstrated for the drug candidates that have moved into phase I clinical trials.

ZIOPHARM Oncology, Inc. a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of new cancer therapies, announced today the presentation of results from a study in a breast cancer murine model demonstrating the anti-tumor effects and tolerability of Ad-RTS-mIL-12, a viral vector DNA-based therapeutic for the controlled, local expression of IL-12, an important protein for enhancing antitumor immunity.

The study, intratumoral administration of Ad-RTS-mIL-12 (Ad) was examined in a 4T1 BALB/c mouse breast carcinoma model. Production of murine IL-12 was controlled using Intrexon's RheoSwitch Therapeutic System® (RTS®) platform and oral administration of the activator ligand INXN-1001 (AL). Oral administration of AL was found to elicit a dose-related increase in plasma AL levels, which correlated with increasing tumor levels of AL. The increase in tumor AL levels in combination with Ad in turn resulted in a dose-related increase in expression of mIL-12 in the tumor, with minimal increase in serum mIL-12. This increase in AL-regulated tumor IL-12 levels correlated with an increase in tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in and adjacent to the tumor, concomitant with a decrease in tumor regulatory T cells. This resulted in a dose-related decrease in tumor growth rate. Moreover, the therapeutic strategy appears to be well tolerated, as no change in clinical signs or body weight was observed in the treated animals when compared with vehicle alone. Samuel Broder, M.D., Chairman of Intrexon's Therapeutic Opportunities Committee and former Director of the NCI (National Cancer Institute), stated, "Two major obstacles for the development of immunotherapeutics in the treatment of cancer are the ability of tumors to evade the anti-cancer capabilities of the immune system and the toxicity often associated with the systemic administration of immunomodulating agents. To overcome these challenges, we have developed Ad-RTS-IL-12, a DNA-based system for the regulated expression of IL-12, that allows for localized, controlled expression of immunomodulating cytokines and activation of their corresponding anti-tumor effects. This strategy is now being tested in the clinic, with the recent launch of a Phase 2 Study of Ad-RTS-IL-12 combined with palifosfamide in the treatment of advanced breast cancer."

Barron's Medical Journal says Walk and Have fun and know that scientist are working hard to make sure we have a cure before the end of President Obama term in Office

Wednesday, April 3, 2013

Barron's Medical Journal Invites You To One Of The Extraordinary Events Of The Year. The 2013 Óscar Romero Award Given To Blanca Velázquez

Barron's Medical Journal Reporting From St Thomas University Houston, Texas USA

Barron's Medical Journal Invites You To One Of The Extraordinary Events Of The Year. The 2013 Óscar Romero Award Given To Blanca Velázquez:

Houston, Texas ( AP )The 2013 Óscar Romero Award will be given to Blanca Velázquez, a champion of worker rights and dignity in Mexico. The 12th such award given by the Rothko Chapel since 1986, this award honors unsung heroes who work under extraordinary circumstances to advance human rights. The award is named after Archbishop Óscar Romero of San Salvador, who was murdered on March 24, 1980, because of his opposition to violence and his courageous defense of the poor in his country.

Brought To You By The Houston Black Real Estate Association

For some background on Ms Velázquez and her organization The Worker Support Center (CAT

The Worker Support Center (CAT), an NGO defending the rights of employees, shut its doors permanently in the state of Puebla to the threats against its members and the lack of state government guarantees federation and to provide protection to its members.

This unveiled the Project on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (PRODECS) Network All Rights for All and the Centre PRODH organizations supporting poor people and vulnerable groups.

It was also reported that on Thursday May 31 was filed with the Attorney General's Office (PGR) the withdrawal by the disappearance and threats against defenders of human rights work, and Enrique Morales Montaño respectively Blanca Velázquez , both members of the Worker Support Center in Puebla.

"The failure to investigate the acts of violence and harassment against members and Worker Support Centre since 2010 constitute a pattern of impunity that perpetuates insecurity and the absence of guarantees that the Mexican State has the obligation to ensure that human rights defenders working in the state of Puebla and in the country, "explains a statement released by PRODECS and signed by organizations.

He explained that on May 15 this year, Enrique Morales, was arrested and held incommunicado for approximately 17 hours in which he was physically and psychologically tortured. An hour after he was released, Blanca Velazquez, received two text messages saying she was next and that she would be killed.

The CAT is a non-governmental organization founded in 2000 whose mission is to contribute to the protection and enforcement of human rights workers. In Puebla operated near Paseo Bravo but it will not make it.

Velázquez is the director of the Centro de Apoyo al Trabajador (Center for Worker Support – CAT), which was founded in 2001 by Velázquez and a few other young, female labor rights activists to promote the rights of workers in Mexico's garment and auto-parts industries in the state of Puebla. Formerly a maquila worker herself, Velázquez's work to support the rights of this primarily female workforce puts her up against powerful, often corrupt and violent actors.

Keynote speaker Baldemar Velásquez is an American labor union activist. He co-founded and is president of the Farm Labor Organizing Committee, AFL-CIO. He was named a MacArthur Fellow in 1989 and awarded the Order of the Aztec Eagle in 1994, the highest honor Mexico can bestow on a non-citizen.

A reception follows the program.

Date - Add To My Calendar

Sunday, April 7th, 2013 at 3 p.m.

Location:

Rothko Chapel: 1409 Sul Ross St. Houston, TX 77006

Website: www.rothkochapel.org...

Phone: 713-524-9839

Ticket Info: Admission is free.

Monday, April 1, 2013

Did President Obama Choose Ed Boyden Of M.I.T Over Ben Carson Of John Hopkins

Barron's Medical Journal Reporting From New York City: at Columbia University:

Did President Obama Choose Ed Boyden Of M.I.T Over Ben Carson Of John Hopkins, Causing Carson To Consider Running For US President:

Ed Boyden Associate Professor, MIT Media Lab; Joint Professor, Dept Brain Cognitive Sciences; Dept Biol Engineering; Boyden lab site

Ben Carson Johns Hopkins Pediatric Neurosurgeon

New York City, NY ( AP ) Breast Cancer Genomics using Optogenetics and Dopaminergic pathways has the investors on Wall Street singing with joy. In the coming days The Obama Administration is getting ready to announce that they are going to ask for funding for ( B.A.M Brain Activity Mapping ). Barron's Medical Journal Ask the CEO Rose Conrad of Sam Houston Biotech Software a Houston base Biotech Engineering Company, what should we make of this major announcement coming down the biotech pipeline.

Brought To You By The Houston Black Real Estate Association

Conrad Replied and said you have just asked the trillion dollar question. Brain Activity Mapping in going to be a Trillion dollar initiative that is going to change how we diagnose and treat diseases. The big news about this science is that one of the main benefactors is going to be Breast Cancer.

One of the single most horrific characteristic of breast cancer is Lymph node invasion. Lymph node invasion is one of the most powerful clinical factors in cancer prognosis. However, molecular level signatures of their correlation are remaining poorly understood. A new approach, monotonically expressed gene analysis (MEGA), to correlate transcriptional patterns of lymph node invasion related genes with clinical outcome of breast cancer patients. RESULTS Using MEGA, we scored all genes with their transcriptional patterns over progression levels of lymph node invasion from 278 non-metastatic breast cancer samples. Applied on 65 independent test data, our gene sets of top 20 scores (positive and negative correlations) showed significant associations with prognostic measures such as cancer metastasis, relapse and survival. The method showed better accuracy than conventional two class comparison methods. We could also find that expression patterns of some genes are strongly associated with stage transition of pathological T and N at specific time. Additionally, some pathways including T-cell immune response and wound healing serum response are expected to be related with cancer progression from pathway enrichment and common motif binding site analyses of the inferred gene sets. CONCLUSIONS By applying MEGA, we can find possible molecular links between lymph node invasion and cancer prognosis in human breast cancer, supported by evidences of feasible gene expression patterns and significant results of meta-analysis tests.

Optogenetics: Lighting up the brain When you electrically stimulate one part of the brain, a lot of nerve cells called neurons get hit at once. In order to understand what particular kinds of neurons do, there needs to be a way to target them separately

Dopaminergic pathways are neural pathways in the brain which transmit the neurotransmitter dopamine from one region of the brain to another.[1]

The neurons of the dopaminergic pathways have axons which run the entire length of the pathway. The neurons' soma produce the enzymes that synthesize dopamine, and they are then transmitted via the projecting axons to their synaptic destinations, where most of the dopamine is produced. Dopaminergic nerve cell bodies in such areas as the substantia nigra tend to be pigmented due to the presence of the black pigment melanin. The statement in that movie that said " Do Not Look In To The Light " is now going to say " Look in to the light. All over the tree of life, you can find organisms that use molecules to convert light into electricity for photosynthesis or photosensation

Optogenetics is a neuromodulation technique employed in behavioral neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control the activity of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time.[1] Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolutions that it provides, which allow for observation of individual neurons over a timecourse of milliseconds, but is primarily famous for its ability to precisely alter the activity of specific brain areas without directly affecting a subject's behavior.

One example is single-celled algae, which has a small eye spot -- a brown sphere -- that senses light, prompting hairlike structures called flagella to move and making the plant effectively swim. What if you could take a small piece of DNA from the algae and transplant it into a neuron so the neuron now produces a light-sensitive protein (and installs it on the cell's surface)? Then, Boyden and colleagues reasoned, you would have a neuron that could be turned on or off with light Optogenetics can be combined with automatic patch clamping to identify neurons of interest and then measure their activity the data from recording so many neurons will require a huge amount of computer storage; for recording the entire brain at once

An emerging set of methods enables an experimental dialogue with biological systems composed of many interacting cell types—in particular, with neural circuits in the brain. These methods are sometimes called “optogenetic” because they use light-responsive proteins (“opto-”) encoded in DNA (“-genetic”). Optogenetic devices can be introduced into tissues or whole organisms by genetic manipulation and be expressed in anatomically or functionally defined groups of cells. Two kinds of devices perform complementary functions: Light-driven actuators control electrochemical signals, while light-emitting sensors report them. Actuators pose questions by delivering targeted perturbations; sensors (and other measurements) signal answers.

Most isolated enhancers yield expression patterns that match behaviorally or physiologically relevant subsets of neurons only approximately; coverage is often insufficiently inclusive, inadequately exclusive, or both. This is not surprising: Cell identities are thought to be specified combinatorially, by using a regulatory syntax understood only incompletely. We know, for instance, a genetic label for “dopaminergic” in invertebrates; it is “a cell in which the tyrosine hydroxylase gene is turned on.” Exploiting this knowledge (and randomly some of the influence exerted on transgene expression by genomic context) made it possible to control remotely different subsets of dopaminergic neurons in the behaving fly

Dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain are the main source of dopamine (DA) in the mammalian central nervous system. Their loss is associated with one of the most prominent human neurological disorders, Parkinson's disease (PD). Dopaminergic neurons are found in a 'harsh' region of the brain, the substantia nigra pars compacta, which is DA-rich and contains both redox available neuromelanin and a high iron content. Although their numbers are few, these dopaminergic neurons play an important role in the control of multiple brain functions including voluntary movement and a broad array of behavioral processes such as mood, reward, addiction, and stres

Activation of dopamine receptors in forebrain regions, for minutes or longer, is known to be sufficient for positive reinforcement of stimuli and actions. However, the firing rate of dopamine neurons is increased for only about 200 milliseconds following natural reward events that are better than expected, a response which has been described as a “reward prediction error” (RPE). Although RPE drives reinforcement learning (RL) in computational models, it has not been possible to directly test whether the transient dopamine signal actually drives RL. Here we have performed optical stimulation of genetically targeted ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in mice. We mimicked the transient activation of dopamine neurons that occurs in response to natural reward by applying a light pulse of 200 ms in VTA

Sam Houston Biotech Inc Genomics we are creating genomic-driven commercial solutions to revolutionize many industries. We have started by focusing on energy, but we imagine a future where our science could be used to produce a variety of products, from synthetically derived vaccines to prevent human diseases to efficient cost effective ways to create clean drinking water. The world is dependent on science and we're leading the way in turning novel science into life-changing solutions. What these companies are doing is taking medicine to the next level. From Alzheimer , Breast Cancer to Diabetes they are using your genes to determined if you have one or many diseases. This Process is called Genomics. Yes we are in the genomics revaluation. We know with breast cancer up to 50 percent of the patients get chemotherapy that do not need. In stead of lumping treatment decisions in to one modis of care Doctors now can pin point to a Cure. A example of this discovery of the genes that contribute to these pathophysiologies when deregulated by recurrent aberrations is important to understanding mechanisms of cancer formation and progression and to guide improvements in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Electronic Medical Records Gennxeix is also key in a cure for breast cancer. What the fust is all about is scientist recognized something call Luminal subtypes. Luminal subtypes had the lowest overall mutation rate, but by contrast, had the largest number of genes observed to be significantly mutated. This suggests that each of the genes identified as significantly mutated in the Luminal subtypes is more likely to be important in fueling cancer progression. The Luminal subtypes are characterized by the specific expression signature of multiple so-called transcription-factor genes, including ESR1, GATA3, FOXA1, XBP1 and cMYB.

These genes have a complex interaction, cooperating in an orchestrated series of activations. GATA3 and FOXA1 are frequently mutated, but those mutations are mutually exclusive, meaning that mutations were observed in eitherGATA3 or FOXA1 but never in both. However, ERS1 and XBP1 are highly expressed but infrequently mutat. With Genomics we can separate breast cancer genes and break in to categories the different types of breast cancers. 1 Hormone receptor-positive disease, or tumors that have receptors for hormones on the surface of their cells, meaning those tumors can be treated with hormone-targeted therapy. 1 HER2-positive, referring to the over-expression of the gene HER2, a type of protein that can also be targeted. 1 "Triple-negative" disease, which lacks the hormone receptors - estrogen and progesterone - as well as the HER2 genes that are targeted by some of the newest, most successful treatments. Gennxeix discovered that some patients with HER2-positive breast cancer tended not respond to HER2-targeted therapies. Also, some patients with triple-negative breast cancers responded to therapies while others didn't. "We have been lumping things together that shouldn't be lumped together The new classifications - four types called HER2 "enriched," luminal A, luminal B and basal-like - categorize breast cancers by their genomic structure using a dizzying array of data points not previously available that have identified new pathways for the cancer to do its damage, making it possible for researchers to identify new places to target disease. What could be seen as the most promising development of this breast cancer study, researchers determined that some basal-like cancers had more in common with an aggressive form of ovarian cancer known as "serous" than with other types of breast cancer. Two other types of breast cancer, accounting for most cases of the disease, arise from the luminal cells that line milk ducts. These cancers have proteins on their surfaces that grab estrogen, fueling their growth. Just about everyone with estrogen-fueled cancer gets the same treatment. Some do well. Others do not. The genetic analysis divided luminal cancers into two distinct subtypes. The luminal A subtype had good prognoses while luminal B did not, suggesting that perhaps patients with luminal A tumors might do well with just hormonal therapy to block estrogen from spurring their cancers while luminal B patients might do better with chemotherapy in addition to hormonal therapy.

In some cases, genetic aberrations were so strongly associated with one or the other luminal subtype that they appeared to be the actual cause of the cancer. The better News is that Genomics is on the Clock. Genomics provide a faster cheaper more effective way to detect the Her2 gene by using Semiconductor Sequencing. A example of this technique is Sam Houston Biotech Semiconductor Sequencing. "Quantum Theory" In Action for Breast Cancer Patients. A polymerase is an enzyme whose central function is associated with polymers of nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA. The primary function of a polymerase is the polymerization of new DNA or RNA against an existing DNA or RNA template in the processes of replication and transcription. In association with a Sam Houston Biotech also uses a Visualize Real-Time Breast Cancer Data using Signal Stochastic Resonance Units Neurons Detection and Analysis for Breast Cancer model after McCulloch-Pitts.Sam Houston Biotech computer-assisted diagnosing of breast cancer from mammograms. Hybrid Pharma works is a genetic network simulation trained with tumor incidence data from knockout experiments. Gennxeix Biotech uses Semiconductor Sequencing Chips that create a direct connection between Biochemical and digital information, bringing these two languages together. Hybrid's chips are designed like any other semiconductor chips. Pairing proprietary semiconductor technology with sequencing chemistry a nucleotide is incorporated into a strand of DNA by a polymerase, a hydrogen ion is released. Gennxeix Biotech used a high-density array of micro-machined wells for bioctechnology process in a massive way. Each well holds a different DNA template. Beneath the wells is an ion-sensitive layer and beneath that a proprietary Ion sensor. HER2 in many patients respond differently.

Genomics can be the GPS to Extend life in Breast Cancer Patients. formalin fixed, paraffin embedded techniques and Her-2 Approximately Where do you really come from? And how can this information Solve Breast Cancer? Approximately 30% of malignant breast cancers demonstrate overamplification of the human epidermal receptor type 2 (HER2) gene. HER-2 can be resistant to low-doses of anthracycline-based Sam Houston Biotech have demonstrated that they can be used to map DNase (deoxyribonuclease) DNA origins of replication. Sam Houston Biotech Recent progress in microarray technology has been related to the development of high resolution microarrays which can map genomic alterations and constitutional variants in DNA copy number at an extremely high resolution for Breast Cancer chemotherapy. formalin fixed, paraffin embedded techniques and Her-2The Good News is that science has advanced. Sections of microarray provide targets for parallel in situ detection of DNA, RNA and protein targets in each specimen on the array. The better News is that Genomics is on the Clock. Genomics provide a faster cheaper more effective way to detect the Her2 gene by using Semiconductor Sequencing. A example of this technique is Sam Houston Biotech Semiconductor Sequencing. "Quantum Theory" In Action for Breast Cancer Patients. A polymerase is an enzyme whose central function is associated with polymers of nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA. The primary function of a polymerase is the polymerization of new DNA or RNA against an existing DNA RNA template in the processes of replication and transcription. In association with a Sam Houston Biotech also uses a Visualize Real-Time Breast Cancer Data using Signal Stochastic Resonance Units Neurons Detection and Analysis for Breast Cancer model after McCulloch-Pitts. Hybrid Pharma computer-assisted diagnosing of breast cancer from mammograms.

Sam Houston Biotech works is a genetic network simulation trained with tumor incidence data from knockout experiments.Sam Houston Biotechh uses Semiconductor Sequencing Chips that create a direct connection between Biochemical and digital information, bringing these two languages together. Hybrid's chips are designed like any other semiconductor chips. Pairing proprietary semiconductor technology with sequencing chemistry a nucleotide is incorporated into a strand of DNA by a polymerase, a hydrogen ion is released. Gennxeix Biotech used a high-density array of micro-machined wells for bioctechnology process in a massive way. Each well holds a different DNA template. Beneath the wells is an ion-sensitive layer and beneath that a proprietary Ion sensor. HER2 in many patients response differently. Genomics is the GPS to Extend life in Breast Cancer Patients.