Tuesday, April 29, 2014

Mitochondria DNA Produce Energy To Fight 80% of Breast Cancer Patients Tumors:


Barron’s Medical Journal Reporting from The University of Texas located In The Great American City of Austin, Texas USA

Mitochondria DNA Produce Energy To Fight 80% of Breast Cancer Patients Tumors:


Austin ( AP ) In research conducted, scientists found evidence that chronic heavy alcohol use affects a gene involved in mitochondrial repair and muscle regeneration Help Fight Breast Cancer

Mitofusin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MFN1gene mitochondrion is a membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells (the cells that make up plants, animals, fungi, and many other forms of life)

Research gives scientist the insight into why chronic heavy drinking often saps muscle strength and can also lead to new targets for medication development.

When mitochondria are damaged, they fuse with other, healthy mitochondria and exchange contents. The damaged parts are segregated for recycling, and properly functioning proteins are donated from healthy mitochondria to replace them. Mitochondria are necessary for the body because they are Brought To You By 2014 Cadillac ELR organelles that produce the energy needed for muscle, brain, and every other cell type in the body.

Mitochondria, the “powerhouses” of mammalian cells, are also a signaling hub. They are heavily involved in cellular metabolism as well as in apoptosis, the process of programmed cell death by which potentially cancerous cells can be killed before they multiply and spread. In addition, mitochondria contain their own genomes, which code for specific proteins and are expressed in coordination with nuclear DNA to regulate the provision of energy to cells. In mammals, each cell contains between 100 and 1,000 copies of mitochondrial DNA, but previous research had found that as many as 80 percent of people with breast cancer have low mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA, content.

Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. (A few genes produce other molecules that help the cell assemble proteins.) The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two major steps: transcription and translation. Together, transcription and translation are known as gene expression.

During the process of transcription, the information stored in a gene’s DNA is transferred to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus. Both RNA and DNA are made up of a chain of nucleotide bases, but they have slightly different chemical properties. The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Translation, the second step in getting from a gene to a protein, takes place in the cytoplasm. The mRNA interacts with a specialized complex called a ribosome, which “reads” the sequence of mRNA bases. Each sequence of three bases, called a codon, usually codes for one particular amino acid. (Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.) A type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time. Protein assembly continues until the ribosome encounters a “stop” codon (a sequence of three bases that does not code for an amino acid).

The flow of information from DNA to RNA to proteins is one of the fundamental principles of molecular biology and breast cancer. It is so important that it is sometimes called the “central dogma ".

Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell varies widely by organism and tissue type. Many cells have only a single mitochondrion, whereas others can contain several thousand mitochondria. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, theinner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of proteins have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in-rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated.[11] Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome.

Scientists have known that fusion is a major method for mitochondrial repair for many types of cells in the body, but they have been puzzled over the method for repair in skeletal muscle. Because skeletal muscle relies on mitochondria for constant power, this makes repair a frequent necessity. Most researchers, however, have assumed that fusion was impossible because the mitochondria in this type of cell are squeezed so tightly in between the packed fibers of the muscle cells.

Mitochondria are cellular structures that generate most of the energy needed by cells. Skeletal muscle constantly relies on mitochondria for power. When mitochondria become damaged, they can repair themselves through a process called mitochondrial fusion — joining with other mitochondria and exchanging material such as DNA. Although well known in many other tissues, the current study is the first to show that mitochondria in skeletal muscle are capable of undergoing fusion as a repair mechanism. It had been thought that this type of mitochondrial self-repair was unlikely in the packed fibers of the skeletal muscle cells, as mitochondria have little opportunity to interact in the narrow space between the thread-like structures called myofilaments that make up muscle.

By tagging mitochondria in the skeletal tissue of rats with different colors, the researchers were able to observe the process in action and confirm that mitochondrial fusion occurs in muscle cells. They also identified a key protein in the process, mitofusin 1 (Mfn1) fusion proteins, and showed that chronic alcohol use interferes with the process.

In rats that were given an alcohol diet, Mfn1 levels decreased as much as 50 percent while other fusion proteins were unchanged. This decrease in Mfn1 was coupled with a dramatic decrease in mitochondrial fusion. When Mfn1 returned to normal, mitochondrial fusion did as well.

“That alcohol can have a specific effect on this one gene involved in mitochondrial fusion suggests that other environmental factors may also alter specifically mitochondrial fusion and repair,” said Dr. Hajnoczky. He also suggested that identifying the proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion may aid in drug development for alcohol-related muscle weakness.

Research into two mitochondrial diseases — Autosomal Dominant Optical Atropy (ADOA) disease and a type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease — led to the idea that fusion might be crucial for normal muscle function. Both diseases share a symptom — muscle weakness — and a mutation in one of the three genes that are involved in mitochondrial fusion.

that alcohol can have a specific effect on this one gene involved in mitochondrial fusion suggests that other environmental factors may also specifically alter mitochondrial fusion and repair,”

“The work provides more evidence to support the concept that fission and fusion — or mitochondrial dynamics — may be responsible for more than just a subset of mitochondrial diseases we know of “In addition, knowing the proteins involved in the process gives us the possibility of developing a drug.”

The protein encoded by this gene is a mediator of mitochondrial fusion. This protein and mitofusin 2 are homologs of the Drosophilaprotein fuzzy onion (Fzo). They are mitochondrial membrane proteins that interact with each other to facilitate mitochondrial targeting

Wednesday, April 16, 2014

The Next Governor Of Texas Will Find A Breast Cancer Cure:


Barron’s Medical Journal Robert Graham Ph.D. reporting from The Great State of Texas In Dallas, Texas, USA

The Next Governor Of Texas Will Find A Breast Cancer Cure: Dallas Texas (AP)--- The Texas Governor’s race is going to be one of the most important governor’s races in the United States. The next governor of Texas will be the governor responsible for making a breast cancer cure a reality.


Barron's Medical Journal Dedicates This Article To The Great Literary Master . . . " Gabriel Garcia Marquez " R.I.P


Wendy Russell Davis is an American lawyer and Democratic politician from Fort Worth, Texas. Davis represents District 10 in the Texas Senate. She previously served on the Fort Worth city council.

Gregory Wayne Abbott, known as Greg Abbott, is an American lawyer and politician. He is the 50th Attorney General of Texas and the Republican gubernatorial nominee in the general election scheduled on November 4, 2014.

Barron’s Medical Journal is excited, the rest of the science and medical communities are coming on board with genomics science and genomic testing. For a example a genomics test called the cMethDNA assay, accurately detected the presence of cancer DNA in the blood of patients with metastatic breast cancers up to 95 percent of the time in laboratory studies. The findings were described in the April 15 issue of the journal Cancer Research.

To design the test, Sukumar and her team scanned the genomes of primary breast cancer patients, as well as DNA from the blood of metastatic cancer patients. They selected 10 genes specifically altered in breast cancers, including newly identified genetic markers AKR1B1, COL6A2, GPX7, HIST1H3C, HOX B4, RASGRF2, as well as TM6SF1, RASSF1, ARHGEF7, and TMEFF2, which Sukumar's team had previously linked to primary breast cancer.

The test, developed by Sukumar, collaborator Mary Jo Fackler, Ph.D., and other scientists, detects so-called hypermethyation, a type of chemical tag in one or more of the breast cancer-specific genes present in tumor DNA and detectable in cancer patients' blood samples. Hypermethylation often silences Brought To You By 2014 Cadillac ELR genes that keep runaway cell growth in check, and its appearance in the DNA of breast cancer-related genes shed into the blood indicates that cancer has returned or spread.

CPRIT Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas The next Texas governor has the CPRIT Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas. The Austin-based CPRIT was created in 2007 when Texas voters agreed to a US$3-billion initiative that would spend $300 million a year to advance basic research, reduce cancer rates and nurture Texas companies. Since then, the state agency has awarded 427 grants totaling more than $750 million, with $574 million designated for scientific research and the rest for commercialization and prevention. Its funding of innovative research has won accolades. Controversy erupted in May after Gilman, who won the 1994 medicine Nobel, tendered his resignation in a strongly worded letter criticizing a $20-million commercial ‘incubator’ grant that had been awarded without scientific review. Much of the grant was slated for a group led by Lynda Chin at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, where Chin’s husband, Ronald DePinho, is president. CPRIT internal correspondence that was subsequently made public through freedom-of-information rules suggests that the grant criteria were tailored to improve Chin’s eligibility At the same time as the incubator grant was awarded, a set of grants recommended for approval by the CPRIT’s scientific council stalled. Gilman said that he would remain with the CPRIT until the autumn. Over the summer, the contentious $20-million grant was withdrawn for ‘re-review’, and provisions were made for scientific review of all commercial grants. The previously sidelined grants were approved (as were all grants recommended by reviewers), and a compliance officer was hired to prevent submission irregularities

Texas Based Sam Houston Biotech and other will have the resources and the intellectual property to develop a cure for cancer.

Sam Houston Breast Cancer Researchers and Scientist are ahead of the curve with several new technologies based on Nanoparticles and Semi Conductors Namely Genomics and treatments.

The field of genomics is caught in a data deluge. Targeted breast cancer DNA sequencing is becoming faster and cheaper at a pace far outstripping Moore’s law, which describes the rate at which computing gets faster and cheaper.

The result is that the ability to determine Targeted breast cancer DNA sequences is starting to outrun the ability of researchers to store, transmit and especially to analyze the data.

The cost of sequencing a human genome — all three billion bases of DNA in a set of human chromosomes — plunged to $10,000.00 which means genomics breast cancer DNA sequencing is around $3000.00.

The lower cost, along with increasing speed, has led to a huge increase in how much breast Cancer sequencing data is being produced.

Numerous investigations have shown that both tissue and cell distribution profiles of anticancer drugs can be controlled by their entrapment in submicronic colloidal systems (nanoparticles). The rationale behind this approach is to increase antitumor efficacy, while reducing systemic side-effects. This review provides an update of tumor targeting with conventional or long-circulating nanoparticles. The in vivo fate of these systems, after intravascular or tumoral administration, is discussed, as well as the mechanism involved in tumor regression. Nanoparticles are also of benefit for the selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells. Moreover, certain types of nanoparticles showed some interesting capacity to reverse MDR resistance, which is a major problem in chemotherapy. The first experiments, aiming to decorate nanoparticles with molecular ligand for active targeting of cancerous cells

Miniaturization will allow the tools for many different tests to be situated together on the same small device. Hybrid Sam Houston Researchers Say that nanotechnology will allow them to run many diagnostic tests simultaneously.

Nanoparticles nanoshells is use to antibodies that recognize cancer cells. Sam Houston scientist envision letting these nanoshells seek out their cancerous targets, then applying near-infrared light. The heat generated by the light-absorbing nanoshells can successfully killed breast cancer tumor cells while leaving neighboring cells intact.

A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. It's difficult to imagine anything so small, but think of something only 1/80,000 the width of a human hair. Ten hydrogen atoms could be laid side-by-side in a single nanometer.

Sam Houston minuscule molecule that will be used to detect breast cancer is a quantum dot. Quantum dots are tiny crystals that glow when they are stimulated by ultraviolet light. The wavelength, or color, of the light depends on the size of the crystal. Latex beads filled with these crystals can be designed to bind to specific DNA sequences. Hybrid Sam Houston understands that Hyperthermia gold nanoshell Targeted breast cancer genomics at 40 for high risk women will reduce breast cancer at 60 years of Age. Training Genomics Counselor and Storing DNA Analysis in the cloud will allow Hybrid Sam Houston to say that Chemotherapy will help their breast cancer outcome or if Chemotheraphy and Hyperthermia will extend their life.

Baylor College Of Medicine and Dr. Rothberg really means is that he wants to do for DNA sequencing what Mr. Jobs did for computing — spread it to the masses. Dr. Rothberg is the founder of Ion Torrent, which last month began selling a sequencer it calls the Personal Genome Machine. While most sequencers cost hundreds of thousands of dollars and are at least the size of small refrigerators, this machine sells for just under $50,000 and is the size of a largish desktop printer The Ion Proton Sequencer, produced by San Francisco-based Life Technologies Corp., is currently one of just three worldwide—the others are being deployed at Baylor College of Medicine, in Houston, Texas, and the Broad Institute, in Cambridge, Mass. The machine, about the size of a laser printer, was developed in part by Yale alumnus Jonathan M. Rothberg, Ph.D., a pioneer in DNA sequencing technology. Most sequencers require weeks or months, and many thousands of dollars, to sequence a human genome. The Ion Proton’s power and speed are due to advanced semiconductor chips that capture the chemistry of a DNA sample in much the same way as a digital camera captures light. The new equipment promises to be a boon to many projects undertaken at Yale, including the new effort to uncover the causes of rare genetic diseases.

Companies like Illumina, will be a big part of the success of a breast cancer cure. Illumina goal is to apply innovative sequencing and array technologies to the analysis of genetic variation and function, making studies possible that were not even imaginable just a few years ago. These studies will help make the realization of personalized medicine possible. With such rapid advances in technology taking place, it is mission critical to have solutions that are not only innovative, but flexible, scalable, and complete with industry-leading support and service.

As a global company that places high value on collaborative interactions, rapid delivery of solutions, and prioritizing the needs of its customers, we strive to meet this challenge. Illumina’s innovative sequencing and array-based solutions for genomic analysis serve as tools for disease research, drug discovery, and the development of molecular tests in clinical labs.

Get ready Susan Komen and others a cure will happen during the next Texas Governors’ term.

Tuesday, April 1, 2014

18% Of Breast Cancer Patients Used To Die 1 Year After Diagnoses Until President Obama Affordable Care Act


Barron’s Medical Journal reporting from The University Of Texas located in Austin Texas USA

18% Of Breast Cancer Patients Used To Die 1 Year After Diagnoses Until President Obama Affordable Care Act


Austin Texas ( AP )--- President Obama and the Affordable Care Act has given Breast Cancer patients and their love ones a reason to celebrate. By the end of President Obama second term a breast cancer cure can be reached.

So many American breast cancer patients had their first breast cancer diagnoses when they were in stage IV breast cancer. The number one reason for this was that too many patients, just did not go to the Doctor. Now that the Affordable Care Act has enrolled over seven million Americans, eighteen percent will be diagnosed in stage I.

Affordable Care Act (ACA) by design will reduce the breast cancer rates, that is now 18% in the African American Women, to fewer than 5%.

Affordable Care Act (ACA) or Obama-care, is a United States federal statute signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act

On October 1, 2013 The Health Insurance Marketplace was open. Americans was able to w enroll in a health insurance plan that covers essential benefits, pre-existing conditions, and preventive services. Most people who apply for coverage will qualify for lower costs of some kind in the Marketplace. Four things you can do before you apply.

April 1, 2014 the expectation of 7 million customers, the morning after the six-month enrollment window closed at midnight Monday, means that the marketplaces proved more popular in their final days than anyone expected.

Tuesday morning, federal health officials were rushing to compile an official tally, including figures from the final days of enrollment in 14 separate state-run insurance exchanges as well as the total from the federal marketplace operating in three dozen states, according to a government official who spoke on condition of anonymity about work going on behind the scenes. Administration officials were trying to have a firm figure to announce later in the day, although the timing of such an announcement remains uncertain.

The extent of the new insurance’s popularity carries significant political implications for a law that has been a source of deep partisan division ever since it was enacted four years ago. The Obama administration and its allies have predicted that the American public would be attracted to health plans — and the law that created them — once they actually were given an opportunity to gain the insurance. Republicans have predicted that the law is fatally flawed and would be spurned.

Barron’s Medical Journal Ask Rose Conrad Ph.D. C.E.O Of Sam Houston Biotech to talk about how breast cancer works to destroy a patient’s life. Conrad says that no one dies of breast cancer only when breast cancer spreads to your lungs. If you get a breast cancer genomics test by the age of forty you have a ninety four percent chance to live to sixty. Conrad gose on to say Breast Cancer and HIF-1 Is Why ObamaCare must stay in place. To stop breast cancer from spreading to the patients lungs. Breast cancer spreading to the lungs is the number one reason breast cancer patients expire. Primary Care Physicians and Obama Care is key to prevent women expiring from breast cancer and extend their life.

Sam Houston Biotechnology Scientist Using Genomics has made progress in Houston working with HIF-1. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcriptional activator forbreast cancer. Advances in biochemical purifica- tion, molecular characterization and cellular - molecular biol- ogy ofHIF-1. Sam Houston found involvement in human breast cancer progression, based on the analysis of human breast cancer biopsies and experimental animal mice models. HIF-1 as a therapeutic target can extend the life of many stage four breast Cancer patients.

Sam Houston discovered The tumor suppressors VHL (von Hippel-Lindau protein) and p53 target HIF-1α for ubiquitination to inactivation breast cancer tumors cells increases the of HIF-1. This process Increased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and AKT. In breast cancer, increased activity of the HER2 (also known as neu) receptor tyrosine kinase is associated with increased tumor grade, chemotherapy resistance, and decreased patient survival. HER2 has also been implicated as an inducer of VEGF expression. Sam Houston demonstrate that HER2 signaling induced by overexpression in mouse 3T3 cells or human MCF-7 breast cancer cells results in increased HIF-1α protein and VEGF mRNA expression that is dependent upon activity of PI3K, AKT (also known as protein kinase B), and the downstream kinase FRAP (FKBP-rapamycin-associated protein)

Sam Houston concern with patients with diabetes and breast cancer may not receive full Benefit of HIF-1. All women having access to a physician can have access to HIF-1. Genomics provide a faster cheaper more effective way to detecting Breast Cancer by using Semiconductor Sequencing. A example of this technique is Sam Houston Semiconductor Sequencing. "Quantum Theory" In Action for Breast Cancer Patients.

A polymerase is an enzyme whose central function is associated with polymers of nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA. The primary function of a polymerase is the polymerization of new DNA or RNA against an existing DNA or RNA template in the processes of replication and transcription. In association with a Sam Houston also uses a Visualize Real-Time Breast Cancer Data using Signal Stochastic Resonance Units Neurons Detection and Analysis for Breast Cancer model after McCulloch-Pitts. Gennxeix. computer-assisted diagnosing of breast cancer from mammograms. Sam Houston works is a genetic network simulation trained with tumor incidence data from knockout experiments.

Sam Houston uses Semiconductor Sequencing Chips that create a direct connection between Biochemical and digital information, bringing these two languages together. Gennxeix's chips are designed like any other semiconductor chips.

Pairing proprietary semiconductor technology with sequencing chemistry a nucleotide is incorporated into a strand of DNA by a polymerase, a hydrogen ion is released. Sam Houston used a high-density array of micro-machined wells for bioctechnology process in a massive way. Each well holds a different DNA template. Beneath the wells is an ion-sensitive layer and beneath that a proprietary Ion sensor.

Genomics can be the GPS to Extend life in Breast Cancer Patients.